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Microbial biosensors are analytical devices that utilize living microbes to detect specific substances through measurable signals. These devices consist of two main components: biosensing organisms and signal-transducing elements. Biosensing organisms, such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are typically housed in multiwell plates connected to transducers, enabling rapid, real-time detection of target analytes.Signal Generation MechanismWhen a target analyte—such as...
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Three-Dimensional SERS Substrates: Architectures, Hot Spot Engineering, and Biosensing Applications.

Xiaofeng Zhou1, Siqiao Liu1, Hailang Xiang1

  • 1College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.

Biosensors
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3D) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates offer ultrasensitive molecular detection. This review categorizes 3D SERS substrates and fabrication methods, highlighting biosensing advances and future directions.

Keywords:
SERSbiosensingcore–shell nanospheresdendritic nanostructuresnanowiresporous frameworks

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates enable ultrasensitive and reproducible molecular detection.
  • Performance is enhanced by electromagnetic and chemical processes, light trapping, and multiple scattering effects inherent in 3D structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically summarize the principles of enhancement in 3D SERS substrates.
  • To categorize the main types of 3D SERS substrates and evaluate fabrication techniques.
  • To highlight advances in biosensing applications and identify future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of 3D SERS substrates: vertically aligned nanowires, dendritic/fractal nanostructures, porous frameworks/aerogels, core-shell/hollow nanospheres, and hierarchical hybrid structures.
  • Evaluation of fabrication techniques: template-assisted growth, electrochemical/galvanic deposition, dealloying/freeze-drying, self-assembly, and hybrid integration.
  • Review of biosensing applications: non-enzymatic glucose sensing, tumor biomarker detection, and drug delivery.

Main Results:

  • Established a systematic understanding of enhancement principles in 3D SERS.
  • Provided a comprehensive overview of diverse 3D SERS substrate architectures and their fabrication scalability.
  • Showcased significant progress in biosensing applications using 3D SERS technology.

Conclusions:

  • 3D SERS substrates offer significant potential for ultrasensitive molecular detection and biosensing.
  • Further research is needed to address limitations in reproducibility, mechanical stability, and standardization.
  • Future directions include stimuli-responsive designs, multifunctional platforms, and data-driven optimization for advanced SERS technologies.