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Sea Anemone Stichodactyla Haddoni Venom: Extraction Method Dictates Composition and Functional Potency.
Meiling Huang1, Ming Li1, Rong Zhu1
1Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
Marine Drugs
|September 26, 2025
Summary
Sea anemone venom extraction methods significantly alter toxin composition and bioactivity. Milking yielded the most potent venom for anticancer and insecticidal applications, highlighting optimized extraction for drug development.
Area of Science:
- Marine Biology
- Biochemistry
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Sea anemone venoms possess diverse pharmacological potential.
- Extraction methods critically influence venom composition and bioactivity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize Stichodactyla haddoni venom extracted via homogenization, electrical stimulation, and milking.
- To assess the impact of extraction methodology on venom composition and bioactivity.
Main Methods:
- Comparative analysis of venom extraction yields.
- Protein profiling using SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and comprehensive proteomics.
- Label-free quantitative proteomics.
- In vitro cytotoxicity assays against cancer cell lines.
- Insecticidal activity assays against Tenebrio molitor.
Main Results:
- Extraction yields varied significantly: homogenization (17.8%), electrical stimulation (3.4%), milking (1.5%).
- Distinct protein profiles and compositional differences were observed across methods.
- Milking-derived venom exhibited the highest cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity.
- Proteomic analysis identified 2370 proteins with method-dependent abundance variations.
Conclusions:
- Extraction methodology profoundly impacts S. haddoni venom's protein composition and functional activities.
- Optimized extraction is crucial for harnessing venom's pharmacological potential.
- Milking emerges as a promising method for obtaining potent venom fractions.
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