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From shape to number: Shape-from-dots homogeneity boosts groupitizing enumeration.

Andrea Adriano1, Michaël Vande Velde2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. andrea.adriano@uniroma1.it.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|September 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Grouping objects into clusters, known as groupitizing, speeds up enumeration. This study found that homogeneous shapes formed by dots, unlike heterogeneous ones, significantly enhance this effect, suggesting shape influences number perception.

Keywords:
Geometric regularityGestalt perceptionGroupitizingNumerosityShape processing

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Numerosity Perception

Background:

  • Groupitizing, or clustering objects, enhances enumeration speed and accuracy based on Gestalt principles.
  • The influence of visuospatial features beyond proximity and color on groupitizing remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of shape-from-dots homogeneity on the groupitizing mechanism.
  • To determine if shape homogeneity, independent of symmetry or canonicity, affects enumeration performance.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed enumeration tasks with dot patterns (4-20 items) arranged in clusters.
  • Experiment 1 compared homogeneous regular quadrilaterals with heterogeneous irregular quadrilaterals.
  • Experiment 2 compared homogeneous regular quadrilaterals with homogeneous irregular quadrilaterals to control for symmetry.

Main Results:

  • Enumeration reaction times were significantly faster for homogeneous shapes compared to heterogeneous shapes (Experiment 1).
  • No significant difference in reaction times was observed when comparing homogeneous regular and irregular shapes (Experiment 2).
  • These results rule out spatial symmetry or canonicity as the sole drivers of the observed effect.

Conclusions:

  • Shape-from-dots homogeneity facilitates numerosity perception within the groupitizing mechanism.
  • This finding suggests a strong interaction between general shape processing and numerosity perception.
  • Homogeneous shape processing likely enhances groupitizing by promoting a multiplication mechanism for number estimation.