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Childhood stunting and cognitive development: a meta-analysis.

Vassilis Sideropoulos1, Aisling Draper1, Bernardita Munoz-Chereau2

  • 1Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK.

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Childhood stunting impacts specific cognitive areas like intelligence and executive function, especially when considering developmental context. More research is needed for targeted interventions to improve cognitive development in stunted children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Childhood stunting is linked to developmental delays, with cognitive impacts needing further study.
  • Previous research has explored stunting and cognitive development, but a comprehensive synthesis is lacking.
  • Understanding moderating factors and interventions is crucial for improving outcomes in stunted children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize research on childhood stunting and cognitive development, including specific cognitive sub-domains.
  • To examine moderating factors influencing the stunting-cognition relationship.
  • To explore interventions for enhancing cognitive development in stunted children.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review (1990-2025) across 54 languages.
  • Analysis of 35 selected studies using random-effect models and heterogeneity assessment (I²).
  • Publication bias evaluated using Egger's test.

Main Results:

  • No overall effect of stunting on cognitive development in initial models.
  • Stunting associated with poorer performance in intelligence, executive function, visuo-spatial, and socio-emotional domains in specific regions.
  • Effects were more pronounced when demographic, socioeconomic, parental, and health factors were controlled, highlighting developmental context.

Conclusions:

  • Findings underscore the need for contextual interventions and further research.
  • Future studies should utilize standardized, culturally sensitive tools and explore moderating effects across cognitive sub-domains.
  • Accurate reporting and exploration of diverse interventions are essential for robust conclusions.