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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

48.1K
In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
48.1K
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

16.7K
This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...
16.7K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

103.3K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
103.3K
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:16

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

23.6K
In 1923, the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases was proposed by Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry. According to this theory, a Brønsted acid is defined as a species that donates a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted to its conjugate base. A Brønsted base is defined as a species that accepts a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted into its conjugate acid. These transfers of protons are caused by the displacement of electrons in these reactions, which is...
23.6K
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

57.6K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
57.6K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.7K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
25.7K

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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
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Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

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Electric Fields Interrupt with Lewis Acidity and Reverse Back to Lewis Base Function.

Lopita Swain1, Esha Paul1, Karthik Gopakumar1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

External electric fields (EFs) significantly impact chemical reactions, altering electron transfer. These fields can catalyze or inhibit reactions, with specific points of maximum inhibition (ERP) observed.

Keywords:
Density functional theory calculationsExternal electric fields catalysisLewis acid catalysisOxa Diels‐Alder reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Computational chemistry
  • Chemical reactivity
  • Quantum chemistry

Background:

  • External electric fields (EFs) influence chemical reactivity by altering electron transfer.
  • Lewis acid (LA)-catalyzed reactions are sensitive to external perturbations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effect of EFs on the Oxa Diels-Alder (ODA) reaction between cyclopentadiene (Cp) and formaldehyde (HCHO).
  • Analyze how EFs modulate reaction pathways and catalytic activity.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • The study examined the Oxa Diels-Alder reaction mechanism under varying EFs.

Main Results:

  • EFs were found to act as reaction catalysts or inhibitors depending on their direction.
  • An electrostatic resistance point (ERP) was identified, representing maximum inhibition.
  • Stronger EFs can switch catalysis from Lewis acid (LA) to Lewis base (LB) pathways (Normal Electron Demand to Inverse Electron Demand).

Conclusions:

  • EFs act as versatile reactivity modulators in chemical reactions.
  • EFs can switch the reaction mechanism between LA- and LB-controlled pathways.
  • The study provides insights into electron shifts and reactivity control using external fields.