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Algae-paper integrated sensor for bisphenol determination in zebrafish embryos.

Filippo Silveri1, Flavio Della Pelle1, Carmine Merola1

  • 1Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.

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|September 26, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces sustainable algae-paper sensors for real-time monitoring of Bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish embryos and their environment. These novel sensors offer a rapid, eco-friendly solution for assessing BPA bioconcentration in vivo.

Keywords:
By-productsIn vivo studiesLab-made sensorsNano-biocharPaper-based deviceZebrafish embryos

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Assessing contaminant levels in in vivo models requires smart, real-time monitoring solutions.
  • Current analytical methods often rely on off-site, time-consuming instrumental techniques.
  • There is a need for rapid, on-site strategies for contaminant monitoring in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop sustainable algae-paper sensors for determining Bisphenol A (BPA) bioconcentration in zebrafish embryos (Z-EBs).
  • To enable real-time monitoring of BPA levels in the culture medium of Z-EBs during in vivo studies.
  • To provide a reliable method for assessing BPA bioaccumulation in Z-EBs.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of algae-paper sensors using stencil printing and biochar derived from seaweed waste.
  • Preparation of biochar via water-based liquid-phase exfoliation, avoiding organic solvents.
  • Electrochemical sensing of BPA in zebrafish embryo culture medium and in Z-EBs via in-matrix calibration.

Main Results:

  • Algae sensors accurately tracked BPA variations in Z-EB culture medium over 96 hours (Relative Error -14/+12%).
  • Achieved a Limit of Detection of 58 nM/13 μg L⁻¹ for bioaccumulated BPA in Z-EBs.
  • Demonstrated reproducible results (RSD ≤ 8.8%) and quantitative recoveries (94-118%), confirming sensor reliability.
  • Sensors effectively discriminated sublethal BPA levels linked to developmental delays in Z-EBs.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a sustainable, circular-economy-based algae-paper sensor for BPA detection.
  • Demonstrated the first portable electrochemical device for BPA determination in in vivo studies.
  • The algae-paper sensor enables both real-time monitoring and end-exposure bioaccumulation assessment of BPA.