A conserved long-range RNA interaction in SARS-CoV-2 recruits ADAR1 to enhance virus proliferation

Long-range RNA-RNA pairing impacts the genome structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 variants. To understand the structure and function relationships of different SARS-CoV-2 variants that have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, we perform high-throughput structure probing and modelling of the genomic structures of the wildtype (WT), Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. We observe that genomes of SARS-CoV-2 variants are generally structurally conserved, and that single-nucleotide variations and interactions with RNA binding proteins can impact RNA structures across the viruses. Importantly, using proximity ligation sequencing, we identify many conserved ultra-long-range RNA-RNA interactions, including one that spans more than 17 kb in both the WT virus and the Omicron variant. We show that mutations that disrupt this 17 kb long-range interaction reduce viral fitness at later stages of its infection cycle, while compensatory mutations partially restore virus fitness. Additionally, we show that this ultra-long-range RNA-RNA interaction structure binds directly to ADAR1 to alter the RNA editing levels on the viral genome. These studies deepen our understanding of RNA structures in the SARS-CoV-2 genome and their ability to interact with host factors to facilitate virus infectivity.