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Spaceflight exposome/microgravity effects on the psychoimmunoneuroendocrine system.

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Spaceflight triggers unique stress responses impacting the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network. Gut microbiota metabolites and vagal nerve stimulation show promise for developing countermeasures against these spaceflight-induced health risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Space biology and environmental health
  • Neuroimmunology and stress physiology
  • Microbiome research

Background:

  • Spaceflight missions introduce novel environmental exposures (exposome) not encountered during human evolution.
  • These exposures activate non-specific stress responses mediated by the complex psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network.
  • Understanding these responses is crucial for astronaut health and long-duration space exploration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify molecular pathways affected by the spaceflight exposome and microgravity.
  • To explore the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in spaceflight-induced stress.
  • To discuss potential countermeasures, including neuromodulation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental data from various spaceflight and microgravity studies.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network.
  • Investigation of gut microbiota composition and metabolite profiles.
  • Discussion of transcutaneous vagal stimulation as a potential intervention.

Main Results:

  • Key molecular pathways regulating the stress response network are identified.
  • Spaceflight/microgravity significantly impacts these pathways.
  • Gut microbiota-derived metabolites are highlighted as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • Non-invasive neuromodulation, specifically transcutaneous vagal stimulation, is proposed as a countermeasure.

Conclusions:

  • The spaceflight exposome presents unique challenges to human physiology.
  • Gut microbiota and the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network are critical components of the stress response.
  • Targeting gut microbiota metabolites and employing neuromodulation offer promising avenues for mitigating spaceflight-related health issues.