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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography
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Anterior Mandibular Displacement in Growing Rats Enhances Growth-A 3D Analysis.

Efstratios Ferdianakis1, Ioannis Lyros1, Demetrios Halazonetis1

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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European journal of orthodontics·2026

Functional appliances used for skeletal Class II malocclusion in rats stimulate true mandibular growth, not just accelerate it. This research confirms that these devices promote long-term mandibular development and correction.

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Research
  • Craniofacial Development and Growth

Background:

  • Skeletal Class II malocclusion, characterized by maxillary protrusion or mandibular retrusion, is common.
  • Functional appliances are used to reposition the mandible, but their effect on growth rate versus overall growth is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether mandibular protrusion via functional appliances accelerates mandibular growth rate or increases overall mandibular growth in the long term.
  • To assess potential relapse after appliance removal.

Main Methods:

  • A bite-jumping appliance was used to induce mandibular protrusion in 36 Wistar rats (treatment group).
  • A control group of 36 rats received no appliance.
  • Cone beam-computed tomography (CBCT) and linear measurements were used to assess mandibular growth at 30, 60, and 90 days (with a 30-day relapse period for one subgroup).
Keywords:
anterior mandibular displacementratsskeletal measurements

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Main Results:

  • Mandibular growth measurements were significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the control group.
  • Specific measurements (Gonion-Menton, Condylion-Menton) showed greater increases over time in the experimental group, indicating enhanced growth.
  • The study design allowed for assessment of long-term effects and relapse.

Conclusions:

  • Functional appliances effectively promote true mandibular growth, not merely accelerate the growth rate, in the context of Class II malocclusion correction in rats.
  • The findings support the use of these appliances for achieving significant and lasting mandibular development.