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Isolation of Clostridioides difficile from a Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital Environment.

Alexandre S Borges1, Luiza S Zakia1, Serena Yu1

  • 1Departments of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) was found in 8.3% of surfaces in a large animal hospital. This highlights the need for enhanced biosecurity measures to prevent hospital-acquired infections in veterinary settings.

Keywords:
anaerobicequinenosocomialspore

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Environmental Microbiology

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) poses a significant risk for nosocomial infections in veterinary hospitals, yet its environmental prevalence is poorly understood.
  • Limited studies have investigated the presence and characteristics of C. difficile in veterinary hospital environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of C. difficile in the large animal hospital environment at the Ontario Veterinary College.
  • To characterize recovered C. difficile isolates, including toxin gene presence, ribotypes, sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Environmental sampling of 157 surface sites within a large animal clinic.
  • Culturing using selective media and multiplex PCR for toxin genes (tcdA, tcdB, cdtA/cdtB).
  • Molecular characterization including PCR-Ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and antimicrobial resistance prediction.

Main Results:

  • C. difficile was detected in 8.3% (13/157) of sampled sites.
  • Ten distinct ribotypes were identified, with ribotypes 014 and 010 being most common.
  • Seven isolates harbored toxin genes A and B; all were negative for binary toxin genes. Isolates belonged to MLST Clade 1, with 5 different sequence types found. A high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes was noted in some isolates.

Conclusions:

  • C. difficile is present in various areas of the large animal hospital, especially high-traffic zones and hard-to-clean surfaces.
  • Active surveillance and robust biosecurity protocols are essential to minimize environmental contamination.
  • Implementing these measures is crucial for preventing nosocomial C. difficile infections in veterinary facilities.