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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
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Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
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Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Efficient Recovery of Valeric Acid Using Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids.

Alexandra Cristina Blaga1, Oana Cristina Parvulescu2, Dan Cascaval1

  • 1"Cristofor Simionescu" Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron Av., 700050 Iasi, Romania.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) efficiently separate valeric acid (VA) via liquid-liquid extraction. Optimized conditions yielded high extraction efficiencies, demonstrating ILs

Keywords:
heptaneionic liquidreactive extractionvaleric acid

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Carboxylic acids, like valeric acid (VA), are valuable chemicals but challenging to separate.
  • Liquid-liquid extraction is a key separation technique, but often requires efficient and selective extractants.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) offer tunable properties for advanced separation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for efficient valeric acid (VA) separation.
  • To evaluate the impact of process parameters (pH, IL concentration, temperature) on extraction efficiency.
  • To optimize the extraction process using response surface methodology and desirability functions.

Main Methods:

  • Reactive liquid-liquid extraction using two phosphonium-based ILs (C103 and C104) with heptane as diluent.
  • Experimental determination of extraction efficiency across varying aqueous phase pH, IL concentration, and temperature.
  • Development of a response surface regression model for predicting extraction efficiency.
  • Optimization of process factors using the desirability function approach.

Main Results:

  • Both C103 and C104 ILs demonstrated high VA extraction efficiencies.
  • Optimal conditions achieved 98.61% (C103) and 99.24% (C104) extraction efficiency.
  • Extraction efficiency was optimized at specific pH levels (3.8 for C103, 4 for C104), 60 g/L IL concentration, and 25 °C.
  • Mechanistic analysis indicated VA extraction via IL-acid complex formation with 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometric ratios.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphonium-based ILs, particularly C103 and C104 diluted in heptane, are highly effective for valeric acid separation.
  • The developed models and optimized conditions provide a pathway for efficient carboxylic acid recovery.
  • This study highlights the potential of ILs as sustainable and high-performance extractants in chemical separation processes.