Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Targeted Cancer Therapies

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...

Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Immune-Related Adverse Events From Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Evidence-Based Management Review.

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology·2026

Same author

Next-Generation Checkpoint Combinations: Optimizing PD-(L)1-Based Therapy Across the Advanced, Adjuvant, and Neoadjuvant Settings.

Current oncology reports·2026

Same author

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Resectable Colon Cancer: Evidence, Controversies, and an Implementation Roadmap for 2026.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026

Same author

Advanced cholangiocarcinoma in 2025: Therapeutic sequencing and global implementation.

Med (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Management of the Axilla for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A State-Of-The-Art Review.

ANZ journal of surgery·2026

Same author

Early onset pancreatic Cancer: epidemiology, molecular features, and clinical outcomes.

Cancer treatment reviews·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Beyond Progression in Various Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis.

Fausto Petrelli¹, Antonio Ghidini², Maria Chiara Parati¹

¹Oncology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, BG, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|September 27, 2025

Summary

Continuing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) after cancer progression shows benefit in select patients, particularly those with melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Further research is needed to optimize patient selection for post-progression immunotherapy.

Keywords:

beyond progression cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors systematic review

More Related Videos

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Published on: February 5, 2020

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Published on: February 5, 2020

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunotherapy
Cancer Research

Background:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized advanced cancer treatment.
The efficacy of continuing ICIs after radiologic progression remains unclear.
Systematic assessment of ICI continuation post-progression is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) beyond radiologic progression.
To analyze objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) for ICI continuation.
To identify patient populations that may benefit from extended ICI therapy.

Main Methods:

Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published up to March 2025.
Inclusion of retrospective cohorts, prospective trials, post hoc analyses, and pooled regulatory reviews.
Quality appraisal using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool.

Main Results:

Fifty studies with 8989 patients were included.
ICI continuation demonstrated objective response rates (ORRs) of 9.3-39% in lung cancer, 14-100% in melanoma, and 8-33% in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Overall survival (OS) ranged from 8.9-18.2 months (lung cancer), 12-29.9 months (melanoma), and up to 34.8 months (RCC).

Conclusions:

Select patients, especially with melanoma, lung cancer, RCC, or gastric cancer, may benefit from continued ICI therapy post-progression.
Treatment decisions should consider tumor biology, performance status, and biomarkers.
Prospective, biomarker-driven trials are essential for optimizing patient selection and treatment duration.