Treatment Adherence in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Role of Demographic, Clinical, and Psychosocial Factors

Background and Objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions of the digestive tract, often requiring life-long treatments in order to achieve and maintain remission. However, treatment adherence among patients with IBD can frequently be suboptimal, which can compromise disease control and long-term outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the adherence rate and to identify factors that significantly influence treatment adherence in patients with IBD. Materials and Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted at the Fundeni Clinical Institute, a tertiary medical center in Bucharest, Romania. The treatment adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale-5 (MARS-5), with patients scoring greater than 23 considered adherent. Anxiety, depression and perceived stress were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Perceived social support was measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and coping strategies were assessed using the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief COPE Inventory). Results: A total of 188 patients were included in the final analysis. Of these, 99 patients (52.7%) were male and 109 (58.0%) had a diagnosis of Crohn's disease. The majority of patients (81.9%) were receiving treatment with advanced therapies, including biologics or small molecules. Forty patients were receiving their therapy through more than one route of administration. Optimal adherence was noted in 160 patients (85.1%). Patients treated with advanced therapies (biologics and small molecules) had significantly higher odds of optimal adherence (OR 10.52, 95% CI: 4.3-25.74, p < 0.001), with a rate of adherence of 92.2%. Significantly lower odds of adherence were found for the oral (OR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.83, p = 0.01) and rectal (OR 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03-0.29, p < 0.001) routes of administration, while the intravenous administration had higher odds of adherence (OR 4.85, 95% CI: 1.02-22.9, p = 0.04) compared to the subcutaneous route. Other factors associated with an improved adherence were being retired (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 1.13-10.8, p = 0.029) and using positive reframing (p = 0.04), planning (p = 0.01) and venting (p = 0.02) as coping strategies; active smoking (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.6, p = 0.002), active disease (OR 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.81, p = 0.014) and behavioral disengagement (p = 0.04) were associated with impaired treatment adherence. No significant differences in adherence were observed between disease phenotypes. Conclusions: The route of administration, smoking status and psychosocial factors, such as perceived stress of social support and coping strategies, may play an important role in influencing treatment adherence in patients with IBD. While the disease phenotype was not associated with differences in adherence, patients with active disease had significantly lower odds of optimal adherence.