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Are "Free From" Foods Risk-Free? Lactose-Free Milk Fermentation Modulates Normal Colon in a Gut Microbiota in Vitro

Flavia Casciano1, Lorenzo Nissen1,2, Alessandra Bordoni1,2

  • 1DiSTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, P.za G. Goidanich, 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy.

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Summary

Lactose-free milk consumption may disrupt the gut microbiome in healthy individuals, potentially increasing dysbiosis risk. This study suggests avoiding lactose-free diets unless medically necessary, aligning with ESPEN guidelines.

Keywords:
Bifidobacterium spp.Enterobacteriaceaedairygut microbiotahealth halo

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Food science
  • Human health

Background:

  • Increasing consumption of "free from" foods by the general population, driven by perceived health benefits.
  • Limited understanding of the risks and benefits of lactose-free products for healthy consumers.
  • Lack of research on lactose-free milk's impact on the gut microbiota of healthy individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential modulation of the gut microbiota in healthy subjects by lactose-free milk.
  • To analyze changes in gut microbial populations and metabolite production.
  • To identify specific microbial and molecular drivers of dysbiosis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro simulation of digestion and fermentation.
  • Integration of microbiomics and metabolomics approaches.
  • Analysis of microbiological indicators and microbial compound production.

Main Results:

  • Lactose-free milk significantly altered colonic microbiota composition compared to lactose-containing milk.
  • Observed reductions in beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillales.
  • Decreased production of key microbial metabolites, including acetic and butanoic acid, suggesting increased dysbiosis risk.

Conclusions:

  • Lactose-free milk consumption may pose a risk of gut dysbiosis in healthy individuals.
  • Findings support current guidelines advising against routine lactose-free diets for those without diagnosed intolerance.
  • The study establishes a novel in vitro model for sustainable and translatable microbiome research.