Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

3.1K
Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
3.1K
Polymers02:34

Polymers

40.4K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
40.4K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.1K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
3.1K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.4K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.4K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.8K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.8K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.9K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

AutoSTOP-RT-TDDFT: Adaptive and Selected Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Simulation of X-Ray Absorptions.

Journal of computational chemistry·2026
Same author

Covalently sewing dual-sided Janus coatings <i>via</i> photoiniferter surface chain extension.

Materials horizons·2026
Same author

Hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts in high-fold degenerate topological semimetals with chiral structures.

Communications chemistry·2026
Same author

Unified MPI Parallelization of Wave Function Methods: iCIPT2 as a Showcase.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2026
Same author

Inhibition of Imidacloprid Photolysis by Particulate Matter: Experimental and Computational Evidence.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Theoretical investigation of the excited-state dynamics in the CH4 + O(3P) → CH3 + OH reaction.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.7K

Structural Origin of the Fast Polymerization Rates and Monomer Universality of Pyrazole-Based Photoiniferters.

Bo Wang1, Xuegang Liu2, Zhilei Wang1

  • 1Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New pyrazole-based agents enable ultrafast, initiator-free controlled radical polymerization. These reversible-addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents work universally across many monomers using blue light.

Keywords:
DFTRAFT polymerizationchain transfer agentcontrolled polymerizationphotoiniferter

More Related Videos

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.4K
Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.7K
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.4K
Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Controlled radical polymerization techniques are crucial for synthesizing advanced polymer materials.
  • Reversible-addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization offers excellent control over polymer architecture.
  • Developing initiator-free and universal chain transfer agents (CTAs) remains a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism and performance of novel pyrazole-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents.
  • To explore their capability for initiator-free and universal controlled radical polymerization under blue light.
  • To establish design principles for next-generation photoiniferter RAFT agents.

Main Methods:

  • Combined computational and experimental investigation of pyrazole-based RAFT agents.
  • Utilized blue light (λmax = 465 nm) for photolysis and radical generation.
  • Studied polymerization kinetics and control over various monomers including acrylates, acrylamides, methacrylates, and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP).

Main Results:

  • Pyrazole-based CTAs exhibit high molar absorption coefficients and efficient photolysis kinetics.
  • Ultrafast radical generation enables rapid polymerization of diverse monomers.
  • The unique electronic structure of pyrazole-based agents provides excellent monomer compatibility and polymerization control, with exceptions noted for methacrylates.
  • Demonstrated initiator-free and universal controlled radical polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrazole-based RAFT agents function as effective photoiniferters, enabling initiator-free controlled polymerization.
  • The structural and electronic properties of the pyrazole moiety are key to efficient light absorption and photolysis.
  • These findings provide a foundation for designing advanced, monomer-universal CTAs for rapid polymerization applications.