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Passive Droplet Generation in T-Junction Microchannel: Experiments and Lattice Boltzmann Simulations.

Xiang Li1,2,3, Weiran Wu1, Zhiqiang Dong1,3

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Turbulence Research and Applications, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

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|September 27, 2025
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Summary

This study details microdroplet generation in T-junctions, identifying flow regimes based on fluid flow rates and forces. Results offer tunable control over droplet size and generation for microfluidic applications.

Keywords:
diffuse interface methodlattice Boltzmann methodmicro-PIVmicrodroplet generationmicrofluidic technologymultiphase flows

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Microdroplet generation is crucial for various applications.
  • Understanding T-junction flow dynamics is key to controlling droplet formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate passive microdroplet generation in T-junction microchannels.
  • Characterize different flow regimes and their transition criteria.
  • Provide insights for optimizing microdroplet generation.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic observation for visual analysis.
  • Microscale particle image velocimetry (Micro-PIV) for velocity field visualization.
  • Lattice Boltzmann simulations with wetting boundary conditions for flow dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Identified dripping, threading, and parallel flow regimes governed by hydrodynamic forces and surface tension.
  • Flow rate ratio critically influences regime transitions.
  • Droplet size is tunable by adjusting continuous and dispersed fluid flow rates.
  • Generation frequency increases with dispersed fluid flow rate.

Conclusions:

  • Established a correlation between dimensionless droplet length and flow rate ratio for tunable control.
  • Enhanced understanding of T-junction microdroplet generation mechanisms.
  • Findings applicable to precision biology, material fabrication, and drug delivery.