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Related Concept Videos

Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
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Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

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Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
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Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Design Example: Flow Through a Fire Extinguisher01:12

Design Example: Flow Through a Fire Extinguisher

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A fire extinguisher that uses pressurized water relies on fluid dynamics principles to generate a high-velocity stream capable of suppressing flames. The water is stored at a much higher pressure inside the extinguisher than the surrounding atmosphere. This pressure difference forces the water to flow rapidly when the extinguisher is activated, and the behavior of the water as it exits the nozzle can be understood using fundamental equations of fluid dynamics.
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Concrete's susceptibility to water absorption is due to the capillary action within the pores of its hydrated cement paste. This action draws water in, creating the need for waterproofing admixtures to prevent such penetration. The efficacy of these admixtures is contingent upon the water pressure, with variations arising from different conditions such as rain, capillary rise, or hydrostatic pressure in structures intended to hold water.
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Characterizing Dissipative Elastic Metamaterials Produced by Additive Manufacturing
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Viscoelastic Foams with Enhanced Fire Resistance Using Additive and Reactive Flame Retardants.

Grzegorz Węgrzyk1, Dominik Grzęda1, Milena Leszczyńska1

  • 1Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02-507 Warsaw, Poland.

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Summary

This study enhanced viscoelastic polyurethane foams

Keywords:
flammabilitynon-halogenated reactive flame retardantsviscoelastic foams

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Fire Safety Engineering

Background:

  • Viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEFs) are widely used but possess inherent flammability.
  • Non-halogenated flame retardants are sought as safer alternatives to traditional halogenated compounds.
  • Combining additive and reactive flame retardants can offer synergistic fire protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as additive flame retardants, alongside a reactive phosphorus-containing polyol, on VEF properties.
  • To evaluate the fire resistance, thermal stability, mechanical performance, and morphology of modified VEFs.
  • To establish structure-property relationships in flame-retarded VEFs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of VEFs incorporating additive (EG, APP) and reactive flame retardants.
  • Flammability testing: Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test.
  • Thermal analysis: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
  • Morphological analysis: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in fire resistance: LOI increased to 28-31%, UL-94 V0 rating achieved.
  • Reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR) by 92% compared to unmodified VEFs.
  • Correlations observed between mechanical performance, thermal stability, and microstructural changes.

Conclusions:

  • Non-halogenated additive and reactive flame retardants effectively enhance the fire safety of viscoelastic polyurethane foams.
  • The combination of EG, APP, and a phosphorus-containing polyol provides superior fire retardancy.
  • Structural modifications at microscopic and molecular levels underpin the improved performance.