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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
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Review of Non-Destructive Testing for Wind Turbine Bolts.

Hongyu Sun1,2,3, Jingqi Dong1, Hao Liu1

  • 1School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.

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|September 27, 2025
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Regular inspection of high-strength bolts in wind turbine towers is crucial to prevent catastrophic failures. This review examines various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for detecting fatigue cracks in these critical components.

Keywords:
bolts defectsdeep learningnondestructive testingwind turbine bolts

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Area of Science:

  • Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Wind turbine towers face increasing loads, heightening fatigue failure risks in critical components like high-strength bolts.
  • Fatigue cracks in high-strength bolts can lead to severe accidents, including tower buckling and turbine collapse.
  • Regular inspection of wind turbine bolts, especially high-strength ones in towers, is essential for structural integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for high-strength bolts in wind turbine towers.
  • To analyze the principles, characteristics, and limitations of various NDT methods.
  • To identify future research directions for bolt defect detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of disassembly inspection techniques: magnetic particle, penetration, and intelligent torque inspection.
  • Review of non-disassembly inspection techniques: ultrasonic, radiographic, and infrared thermographic inspection.
  • Analysis of fundamental principles, technical characteristics, and limitations of each NDT method.

Main Results:

  • Various NDT methods exist for inspecting wind turbine bolts, each with specific advantages and disadvantages.
  • Disassembly methods offer detailed inspection but require bolt removal.
  • Non-disassembly methods allow in-situ inspection, crucial for operational turbines.

Conclusions:

  • Non-destructive testing (NDT) is the emerging trend for detecting defects in wind turbine bolts.
  • A thorough understanding of different NDT techniques is vital for selecting the most appropriate inspection method.
  • Further research into advanced NDT technologies is needed to enhance the reliability and efficiency of bolt integrity assessment.