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Slot-Coupled Fed 256-Element Planar Microstrip Array with Beam Stability for K-Band Water Level Sensing.

Kuang-Hsuan Huang1, Yen-Sheng Chen1

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a compact slot-coupled microstrip array for K-band radar water-level monitoring. The novel antenna design significantly reduces beam deviation, enhancing sensing accuracy for critical environmental applications.

Keywords:
K-band radarantenna arrayssidelobe suppressionslot-coupled microstrip arrayswater-level monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Antenna Theory
  • Microwave Engineering

Background:

  • Radar-based water-level monitoring necessitates antennas with precise beam characteristics.
  • Existing antenna solutions, like horn and series-fed microstrip arrays, present limitations in compactness and beam stability, impacting sensing accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a compact, high-performance planar microstrip array for K-band radar water-level monitoring.
  • To address the frequency-dependent beam deviation issues in conventional antenna designs.

Main Methods:

  • Design and fabrication of a 256-element slot-coupled planar microstrip array.
  • Integration of slot-coupled feeding for inherent phase correction and beam stabilization.
  • Performance evaluation through electromagnetic simulations and comparison with a series-fed array.

Main Results:

  • The proposed slot-coupled array achieved a peak gain of 22.8 dBi with narrow beamwidths (5.2° E-plane, 4.2° H-plane).
  • Beam deviation was minimal (within 0.5°) across the 25.9-27.0 GHz frequency range.
  • Demonstrated superior performance compared to a series-fed array, which showed up to 7.5° deviation and lower gain.

Conclusions:

  • The slot-coupled planar microstrip array offers a compact and stable antenna solution for radar water-level monitoring.
  • The design meets regulatory requirements and significantly improves the accuracy of water-level sensing systems.