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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management01:28

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management

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Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Complications in Equine Anesthesia.

Jeannette Cremer1, Juliet Ross2, Vaidehi Paranjape3

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Equine general anesthesia carries a high mortality risk, particularly during the challenging recovery phase. Vigilant monitoring and prompt support are crucial for improving outcomes in horses.

Keywords:
ComplicationsEquineGeneral anesthesiaHorseHypotensionHypoxemiaMorbidity

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Equine Medicine
  • Surgical Risk Assessment

Background:

  • General anesthesia in horses presents significant perioperative mortality risks.
  • Unique equine physiology, anatomy, and behavior contribute to anesthetic challenges, especially during recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key factors contributing to perioperative mortality in equine anesthesia.
  • To emphasize the critical nature of the recovery period in horses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of factors associated with increased perioperative mortality in equine patients.
  • Analysis of anesthetic and surgical variables impacting horse outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Increased risk factors include larger body mass, advanced age, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, out-of-hours surgery, and prolonged anesthesia duration.
  • The recovery period is identified as a particularly critical phase.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advancements, equine anesthesia remains high-risk due to patient-specific factors.
  • Vigilant monitoring and timely therapeutic interventions during and after anesthesia are essential for mitigating risks and improving survival rates in horses.