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National Identity and Voting in a Stateless Region: Evidence From Kurdistan.

Lewend Mayiwar1, Narin Khalida Akrawi2

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National identity is a key predictor of voting behavior among Kurds in Iraq. A strong sense of national identity can encourage civic engagement despite political instability and uncertainty.

Keywords:
Kurdishlife satisfactionpolitical behaviorsocial identitytrust in governmentvoter participation

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Area of Science:

  • Political Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Middle Eastern Studies

Background:

  • Voting is central to democratic societies, but its psychological drivers outside Western contexts are underexplored.
  • The Kurdistan Region of Iraq presents a unique case due to its autonomous status, history of persecution, and statelessness.
  • Voter turnout in regional Kurdish elections remains high, contrasting with declining participation in Iraqi parliamentary elections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between national identity and voting behavior among Kurds in Iraq.
  • To explore the indirect pathways through which national identity influences political participation.
  • To understand the role of psychological factors in civic engagement within a specific ethnic and political context.

Main Methods:

  • A large, representative survey sample of 1,072 individuals in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq was utilized.
  • Statistical analyses were performed to assess the predictive power of national identity on voting intentions and behavior.
  • The study controlled for a range of psychological and sociodemographic variables to isolate the effect of national identity.

Main Results:

  • National identity significantly predicted intended voting in Kurdish elections and actual voting in Iraqi elections.
  • Indirect effects were observed, with national identity influencing voting via trust in government and life satisfaction.
  • These associations remained robust after accounting for other relevant individual-level factors.

Conclusions:

  • A strong national identity can be a significant factor in sustaining civic engagement, even in regions facing political and economic challenges.
  • Psychological factors, such as national identity and life satisfaction, play a crucial role in political participation among minority or stateless groups.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering national identity in understanding voting patterns and political behavior in the Middle East.