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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

29
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
29
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
26
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

22
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
22
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

23
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
23

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Surgical outcomes of Scott 2:1 recession-resection adjustable technique for incomitant strabismus.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2026
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Postoperative syphilitic scleritis following strabismus surgery.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

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Fibrotic bands in thyroid eye disease: a contributing factor to persistent postoperative restriction.

Veronika Yehezkeli1, Stacy L Pineles1, Federico G Velez1

  • 1Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.

Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
|September 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Asymptomatic fibrous bands in the eye can cause restrictive strabismus in thyroid eye disease (TED). Surgical removal of these bands improved eye movement and surgical outcomes in two TED patients.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Orbital Anatomy
  • Strabismus

Background:

  • Accessory extraocular fibrous bands are orbital structures.

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Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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  • These bands are often asymptomatic but can be symptomatic in congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders.
  • Their role in acquired strabismus, particularly in inflammatory conditions like thyroid eye disease (TED), is under-recognized.