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Related Concept Videos

Pie Chart01:04

Pie Chart

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A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each indicating numerical proportions. It is also used to show the relative sizes of data in a single chart.
In a pie chart, the central angle, the arc length of each slice, and the area are directly proportional to the quantity or percentage it represents. Some real-world examples that can be depicted using pie charts include marks obtained by students...
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Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Pareto Chart00:52

Pareto Chart

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A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the lines represent the cumulative total values. In this chart, the longest bars are arranged on the left and the shortest bars on the right, which makes it easier to read and interpret the data. It can also be called a Pareto diagram or Pareto analysis.
The Pareto chart is named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who described the Pareto...
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Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups01:20

Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups

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Survival analysis is a cornerstone of medical research, used to evaluate the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or recovery. Unlike standard statistical methods, survival analysis is particularly adept at handling censored data—instances where the event has not occurred for some participants by the end of the study or remains unobserved. To address these unique challenges, specialized techniques like the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and...
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Actuarial Approach01:20

Actuarial Approach

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The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Differences in COVID-19 Fatality Rates among Ethnic Groups, Hawaii, USA, 2020-2022.

Gehan Devendra, Madeleine Chai, Eyrica Sumida

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |September 29, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander groups faced higher COVID-19 fatality rates. Outcomes were linked to age, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and fewer vaccinations.

    Keywords:
    Asian American Pacific IslandersCOVID-19HawaiiSARSSARS-CoV-2SOFA scoreUnited Statescoronaviruscoronavirus diseasefatality ratehospitalrespiratory infectionssequential organ failure assessment scoresevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2vaccinationviruseszoonoses

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    Area of Science:

    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health
    • Health Disparities

    Background:

    • Underrepresentation of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations in COVID-19 research.
    • Need to understand COVID-19 outcomes in diverse ethnic groups.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate COVID-19 fatality rates among different racial and ethnic groups in Hawaii.
    • To identify factors associated with in-hospital death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Cross-sectional study utilizing electronic medical records of 5,494 hospitalized patients.
    • Comparison of fatality rates based on race/ethnicity, age, vaccination status, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score.

    Main Results:

    • Fatality rates varied by race/ethnicity, with Asian and Pacific Islander groups experiencing higher in-hospital death rates.
    • Increasing age, higher SOFA scores, and fewer COVID-19 vaccinations were strongly associated with increased fatality.
    • Fatality rates were associated with age across all ethnic groups.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinicians must recognize elevated COVID-19 risks for Asian and Pacific Islander patients.
    • Age, SOFA score, and vaccination status are critical factors influencing COVID-19 mortality in these populations.