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Fluorescent probes for visualizing ion dynamics in bacteria: current tools and future perspectives.

Yusuke V Morimoto1

  • 1Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.

Microscopy (Oxford, England)
|September 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review explores fluorescent probes for visualizing bacterial ion dynamics and membrane potential. It highlights tools and challenges for imaging essential physiological processes in bacteria.

Keywords:
bacterial homeostasisbacterial ion dynamicsfluorescent probesion motive forcemembrane potential

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Ion gradients and membrane potential are critical for bacterial physiology, influencing ATP synthesis, nutrient transport, motility, and stress responses.
  • Visualizing these electrochemical gradients in bacteria is essential for understanding cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of fluorescent probes for bacterial ion dynamics and membrane potential imaging.
  • To discuss the principles, applications, and challenges of using these probes in live bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Review of synthetic dyes and genetically encoded fluorescent indicators for bacterial ion sensing.
  • Analysis of probe performance in monitoring cytoplasmic ions and membrane potential.
  • Discussion of challenges in bacterial imaging (cell size, permeability, efflux, quantification).

Main Results:

  • Synthetic dyes and genetically encoded indicators are valuable tools for bacterial ion imaging.
  • Advances in probe design and imaging platforms address specific bacterial imaging challenges.
  • Current probes enable monitoring of key ion dynamics and membrane potential in bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorescent probes offer powerful capabilities for studying bacterial ion homeostasis and electrophysiology.
  • Further innovation in probe development and imaging techniques is needed to overcome existing limitations.
  • This review guides future research in bacterial ion imaging for enhanced physiological understanding.