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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred...
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Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55...
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Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

5.6K
The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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Developments and Opportunities in Temperature-Responsive Thermal Smart Materials.

Yufeng Shen1, Jun Jin1, Yang Su1

  • 1College of Smart Materials and Future Energy, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thermal smart materials (TSMs) offer adaptable thermal conductivity for sensitive applications. This review explores TSMs, their mechanisms, and future directions for advanced thermal management solutions.

Keywords:
temperature‐responsivethermal conductivitythermal contact resistancethermal smart materialstunable

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Controllable thermal management is crucial for electronics, energy storage, and biomedical systems.
  • Traditional thermal control methods are often bulky and inefficient.
  • Thermal smart materials (TSMs) offer self-adjusting thermal conductivity in response to stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of TSMs, focusing on both non-temperature-responsive and temperature-responsive types.
  • To summarize the key mechanisms underlying thermal sensitivity in TSMs.
  • To identify future research directions and potential applications for high-performance TSMs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on TSMs.
  • Categorization of TSMs based on stimuli (electrical, magnetic, light, mechanical, humidity, temperature).
  • Analysis of mechanisms for temperature-responsive TSMs, including crystal state transitions and chemical structure reconfiguration.

Main Results:

  • Overview of TSMs responsive to various external stimuli.
  • Detailed discussion of mechanisms for temperature-responsive TSMs.
  • Identification of future research avenues: crystal state transitions, reconfigurable chemical structures, and multi-mechanism coupling.

Conclusions:

  • TSMs present a promising alternative to conventional thermal management.
  • Future development should focus on advanced mechanisms for enhanced temperature responsiveness.
  • Potential applications span data centers, electronic components, and personal thermal regulation.