The Diverse Roles of Mitochondria in Regulating Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. As a multi-step process, tumor metastasis encompasses several key aspects. Tumor cells first traverse the basement membrane and subsequently invade the surrounding vascular or lymphatic systems, ultimately leading to secondary colonization. Throughout the progression of metastasis, tumor cells can overcome selective pressures and transition between different cellular states, depending on the diverse functions of mitochondria. Mitochondria not only function as energy generators but also co-evolve with host cells, acting as critical signaling hubs in various biological pathways. Under sustained stress conditions such as nutrient deficiency, cellular stress, and the reprogramming of gene expression, alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function can prevent cell death and facilitate the targeted transformation of oncogenes, tumor progression, and the emergence of invasive cell phenotypes. The multifaceted roles of mitochondria enable tumor cells to evade unfavorable environments and establish colonies in more conducive sites. In summary, this review consolidates the complex interactions between mitochondria and cancer while elucidating their significant role in cancer metastasis and therapeutic responses.