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Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers

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Interaction-driven giant electrostatic modulation of ion permeation in atomically small capillaries.

Dhal Biswabhusan¹, Yechan Noh², Sanat Nalini Paltasingh³

¹Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India.

Nature Communications

|September 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed Å-scale vermiculite nanofluidic channels that overcome challenges in controlling ion transport. These channels demonstrate significant conductivity modulation, paving the way for advanced nanofluidic devices.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Controlling ion transport in nanofluidic systems at high salt concentrations (>100 mM) is challenging due to short electrostatic double-layer lengths and fabrication difficulties.
Atomically small capillaries are difficult to create, hindering precise manipulation of electrostatic double layers.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate and characterize Å-scale vermiculite nanofluidic channels capable of high salt concentration operation.
To investigate cation selectivity and conductivity modulation in these confined systems.
To explore ion-specific gating effects in Å-scale confinement.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of in-plane vermiculite laminates with transport heights of 3-5 Å.
Measurement of cation selectivity and conductivity modulation using applied gate voltages.
Analysis of ion-specific gating effects with different intercalated cations (K+, Ca2+, Al3+).

Main Results:

Vermiculite channels exhibited cation selectivity close to 1 even at 1000 mM salt concentration, indicating overlapping electrostatic double layers.
K+-intercalated vermiculite showed over 1400% conductivity modulation at 1000 mM KCl with gate voltages from -2 V to +1 V.
The gated ON/OFF ratio remained largely unaffected by ion concentration (10-1000 mM), confirming electrostatic double-layer overlap and reduced activation energy.
Ca2+- and Al3+-intercalated vermiculite showed reduced conductance with negative gate voltage, highlighting ion-specific effects.

Conclusions:

Successfully fabricated Å-scale nanofluidic channels using vermiculite laminates.
Demonstrated effective control over ion transport and conductivity modulation in high salt concentration regimes.
Provided insights into electrostatic phenomena and ion-specific gating in highly confined systems, relevant for two-dimensional material applications.