Motion impact score for detecting spurious brain-behavior associations

In-scanner head motion introduces systematic bias to resting-state fMRI functional connectivity (FC) not completely removed by denoising algorithms. Researchers studying traits associated with motion (e.g. psychiatric disorders) need to know if their trait-FC relationships are impacted by residual motion to avoid reporting false positive results. We devised Split Half Analysis of Motion Associated Networks (SHAMAN) to assign a motion impact score to specific trait-FC relationships. SHAMAN distinguishes between motion causing overestimation or underestimation of trait-FC effects. We assessed 45 traits from n = 7270 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. After standard denoising with ABCD-BIDS and without motion censoring, 42% (19/45) of traits had significant (p < 0.05) motion overestimation scores and 38% (17/45) had significant underestimation scores. Censoring at framewise displacement (FD) < 0.2 mm reduced significant overestimation to 2% (1/45) of traits but did not decrease the number of traits with significant motion underestimation scores.