Recent advances in the diagnosis of celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a prevalent immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. Primarily affecting the small intestine, CD can also have adverse systemic health effects. However, the majority of affected individuals remain undiagnosed because of asymptomatic or subclinical manifestations. While the diagnostic gold standard remains the combination of positive serum immunoglobulin A antibodies against tissue transglutaminase and villous atrophy on small intestinal biopsy, an evolving understanding of CD pathogenesis has elevated various serum biomarkers to increasingly important complementary diagnostic tools. This editorial aims to outline the scientific merits and potential limitations of serum biomarker assays for CD diagnosis, alongside their established and emerging clinical applications in both initial diagnosis and long-term disease monitoring.