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Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease.

Shyla Gupta1, Nilah Ahimsadasan2, Kavi Dalsania3

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The American Journal of Cardiology
|September 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Excessive alcohol consumption harms cardiovascular health, causing arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and increasing risks for heart disease and stroke. Emerging evidence suggests potential risks outweigh benefits even with moderate intake, emphasizing caution.

Keywords:
alcoholalcoholic cardiomyopathyatrial fibrillationcoronary artery diseasediabetesholiday heart syndromehypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Alcohol's cardiovascular effects are complex, with potential benefits at low doses but significant risks with excessive or binge drinking.
  • Overconsumption is linked to various cardiovascular pathologies, including arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension.
  • Emerging research questions the previously assumed cardioprotective effects of moderate alcohol intake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which excessive alcohol consumption leads to cardiovascular disease.
  • To synthesize current evidence on the adverse cardiovascular impacts of alcohol overconsumption.
  • To inform public health recommendations regarding alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining alcohol's impact on cardiovascular health.
  • Analysis of physiological and pathological mechanisms linking alcohol to heart disease.
  • Synthesis of epidemiological and clinical data on alcohol-related cardiovascular outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Acute heavy drinking can induce "holiday heart syndrome" (atrial arrhythmia) via electrophysiological and autonomic disturbances.
  • Chronic excessive alcohol intake contributes to alcoholic cardiomyopathy through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Alcohol overconsumption promotes atrial fibrillation, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes, increasing risks for stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction.

Conclusions:

  • Public health guidance should emphasize alcohol moderation and avoidance of binge drinking patterns.
  • Individualized risk assessment is crucial, especially for individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
  • The potential cardiovascular risks of alcohol, even at moderate levels, warrant careful consideration and may outweigh benefits.