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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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IFN-inducible Human Phospholipid Scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) Protein Restricts HIV-1 Infection by Inhibiting Membrane

Yajie Liu1,2, Pei Li1,2, Yi-Min Zheng1,2

  • 1Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|October 1, 2025
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Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), an interferon-stimulated gene, restricts HIV-1 entry by blocking viral membrane fusion. This broad-spectrum factor inhibits diverse lentiviruses, independent of interferon signaling.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) play crucial roles in antiviral defense.
  • Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is an ISG with known antiviral activities.
  • Mechanisms by which ISGs restrict lentiviral infections are continually being elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of PLSCR1 as a host restriction factor against HIV-1.
  • To determine the stage of the HIV-1 life cycle inhibited by PLSCR1.
  • To assess the spectrum of lentiviruses inhibited by PLSCR1.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multiple cell types, including SupT1 T cells and primary CD4+ T cells.
  • Assessed HIV-1 replication, entry, and cell-to-cell transmission.
  • Investigated the effect of PLSCR1 on viral binding and receptor expression (CD4, CXCR4).

Main Results:

  • PLSCR1 significantly inhibits the entry and replication of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV.
  • Restriction occurs at the membrane fusion step, independent of viral binding or receptor expression.
  • PLSCR1 acts as a broad-spectrum lentiviral restriction factor, even without type I interferon signaling.

Conclusions:

  • PLSCR1 is identified as a novel host restriction factor targeting lentiviral membrane fusion.
  • PLSCR1 provides broad-spectrum defense against diverse lentiviruses, including HIV.
  • Findings expand the understanding of ISG-mediated antiviral mechanisms against viral entry.