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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Boron monoxide is a one-dimensional polymer.

Joseph F Thuma1, Rana Biswas2,3, Carl F Fleischer4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|October 1, 2025
PubMed
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Boron monoxide (BO) is a polymer formed by cross-linking B4O2 units. This study confirms a 1D polymer structure for BO, initially proposed in 1955, using advanced experimental and computational methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Boron monoxide (BO) formation was recently described via cross-linking of B4O2 units.
  • Theoretical studies support multiple possible structural phases for BO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the specific polymorph of boron monoxide (BO).
  • To experimentally validate theoretical predictions regarding BO structure.

Main Methods:

  • Pycnometry for density measurements.
  • Multidimensional 17O NMR spectroscopy for structural analysis.
  • Plane-wave Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for theoretical validation.

Main Results:

  • The study identified a specific polymorph of boron monoxide.
  • Experimental and computational data strongly support a one-dimensional polymer structure.
  • This structure aligns with a proposal made in 1955.

Conclusions:

  • The one-dimensional polymer is the most likely structure for boron monoxide.
  • Combines experimental evidence with theoretical calculations to confirm material structure.
  • Revisiting and confirming early structural proposals with modern techniques.