Research progress and potential of organoids based on biomimetic hydrogel materials

Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) micro-biological structures constructed by self-renewing and self-organizing cell populations in vitro, which can reappear some key structural and functional characteristics of actual human tissues and organs. However, conventional organoid cultures rely heavily on the use of complex animal-derived extracellular matrix (ECM), limiting biomedical researches and clinical applications due to its complex composition, batch-to-batch variability, and potential immunogenicity. In contrast, the advent of natural and synthetic hydrogels has propelled the further advancement of organoid research, owing to the advantages of well-defined chemical compositions, stable mechanical properties and tunable microscopic morphology. In this review, we briefly introduce the current construction strategies and culture systems of organoids, as well as the classification and characteristics of hydrogel materials. Then, the key mechanism of action of biomimetic hydrogels are summarize in organoid research. Notably, two well-defined hydrogels utilized in organoid culture and their applications in drug research, disease modeling, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine are highlighted. Finally, certain challenges and future prospects of hydrogel materials in organoid research are also discussed. Therefore, it is anticipated that this review will enhance the academic exchanges within the field of organoid research and provide some impetus for the progression of organoid culture techniques.