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Challenge Specific Modulation of Responses to Adjuvant-Induced Innate Immune Memory.

Samuel T Pasco1, Itziar Martín-Ruiz1, Sarai Araujo-Aris1

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Immunology
|October 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adjuvant training of innate immunity can improve vaccine efficacy. Sigma Adjuvant System (SAS) alters immune cell function and blood profiles, enhancing antibody responses but with complex effects on inflammation and infection.

Keywords:
haematopoiesismacrophagememorytranscriptomicsvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Innate Immunity

Background:

  • Adjuvants enhance vaccine efficacy by stimulating innate immune memory.
  • Understanding adjuvant-induced immune training is crucial for developing improved vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional consequences of adjuvant-induced immune training.
  • To analyze the effects of Sigma Adjuvant System (SAS) on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and innate immune cells.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were treated with SAS.
  • Functional assays of innate immune cells and HSPCs were performed.
  • Transcriptome analysis of HSPCs was conducted.
  • In vivo functional consequences were assessed.

Main Results:

  • SAS induced temporal shifts in HSPC frequencies and altered circulating blood profiles.
  • SAS modulated macrophage proinflammatory output and enhanced neutrophil antimicrobial responsiveness.
  • Adjuvant training led to enhanced antibody responses after primary immunization, with altered outcomes upon secondary dosing.
  • Transcriptional analysis revealed lineage-specific gene shifts in HSPCs, including metabolic, epigenetic, myeloid, and kinase genes.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvant training exhibits plasticity and limitations, impacting innate immune responses.
  • SAS treatment reshapes innate immune cell function and HSPC phenotypes.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform the design of more effective vaccines.