Tellurium nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents for multi-drug-resistant infections

The rise of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) infections has driven interest in alternative antimicrobial agents, with tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs) emerging as a promising solution. TeNPs possess unique physicochemical properties, including controlled size, shape, and surface chemistry, which contribute to their potent antimicrobial activity. Their mechanisms of action include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, membrane disruption, inhibition of essential microbial proteins and enzymes, and direct damage to DNA and RNA. These multifaceted interactions enable TeNPs to combat a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens effectively. In addition to their direct antimicrobial effects, TeNPs have demonstrated efficacy in disrupting and preventing biofilm formation, a key factor in persistent infections. Their application in treating infected wounds has shown promise by reducing microbial burden while promoting wound healing. Notably, TeNPs exhibit synergistic effects when combined with conventional antibiotics, enhancing bacterial eradication and potentially mitigating resistance development. However, concerns remain regarding their cytotoxicity, biodegradability, and long-term clearance in mammalian systems. Addressing these issues through surface modifications and controlled release strategies is essential for safe biomedical applications. Despite their potential, challenges such as scalable production, stability, and regulatory approval hinder widespread use. Future research will focus on advanced functionalization to enhance selectivity, emerging applications such as biofilm disruption and antiviral therapies, and integration with smart technologies for infection monitoring. A structured roadmap for clinical translation is necessary to move TeNP-based therapies from experimental studies to medical practice. The continued development of TeNPs could revolutionize antimicrobial strategies and address the global antibiotic resistance crisis.