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Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...

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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

Published on: December 11, 2014

Multi-Level Optical Physical Unclonable Function Based on Random Surface Scattering for Hierarchical Cryptographic

Jeong Jin Kim¹, Min Seong Kim¹, Gil Ju Lee¹

¹School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|October 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces adaptable optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) for enhanced security. By controlling speckle patterns, multi-level keys are generated for versatile applications like IoT authentication and image encryption.

Keywords:

hardware security image encryption laser speckle multi‐level authentication physical unclonable function

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Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Cryptography
Information Security

Background:

Conventional optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) offer limited cryptographic flexibility due to rigid key spaces.
Modern networks require adaptable security primitives that can scale from resource-constrained devices to high-security systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel optical PUF platform with hierarchically controllable randomness for multi-level key generation.
To demonstrate the feasibility of this platform for advanced security applications, including hierarchical authentication and multi-stage image encryption.

Main Methods:

Implementation of hierarchically controllable randomness sources based on laser speckle characteristics.
Modulation of speckle size by adjusting illumination diameter to generate keys of 64, 256, and 1,024 bits.
Performance evaluation of generated keys for uniformity, uniqueness, reproducibility, and randomness.

Main Results:

Successful generation of multi-level keys (64, 256, 1,024 bits) with excellent performance metrics.
Demonstration of two practical applications: a hierarchical authentication system for IoT and sensitive data, and a multi-stage image encryption algorithm.
The proposed optical PUF platform exhibits superior holocryptic performance compared to traditional encryption methods.

Conclusions:

The developed optical PUF platform provides a robust and expandable foundation for next-generation security systems.
Hierarchically controllable randomness in optical PUFs enables adaptable security solutions for diverse applications.
This work establishes a new paradigm for optical PUFs, enhancing security scalability and performance.