Children's cortical speech tracking in child-adult and child-robot interactions

Synthesized speech technology holds potential for enabling natural conversations between humans and machines, particularly in social robotics. However, the combination of synthesized speech with social robots still lacks some qualities of natural speech, which is crucial for human-robot interactions, especially for children. In this study, we recorded the neural activity of 5-year-old, typically developing children from middle to high socioeconomic households using an electroencephalogram while they listened to stories narrated by either an adult or a social robot, specifically Furhat. We measured cortical speech tracking to compare how well children's brains tracked synthesized speech from a robot compared with natural speech from an adult. Our results suggest that children do indeed show cortical speech tracking in both scenarios. The results also suggest that cortical speech tracking requires larger time delays between the speech and the response to reach its peak in child-robot interaction compared with child-adult interaction. Possible sources of these differences along with their implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).