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Blind Procedures

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...

What is an Experiment?

What is an Experiment?

An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...

Randomized Experiments

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...

Blinding

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs are crucial methodologies used in evaluating and comparing the bioavailability of different drug products. These designs are categorized into various types: completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, cross and carry-over, and Latin square designs.Completely randomized designs involve randomly allocating treatments to all subjects participating in the experiment. This allocation is achieved by assigning unique random numbers to subjects...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System

Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System

Published on: May 5, 2022

Virtual reality simulation for learning minimally invasive endodontics: a randomized controlled trial.

Chalinee Srakoopun¹, Siriwan Suebnukarn², Peter Haddawy³

¹Division of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

BMC Medical Education

|October 2, 2025

Summary

Virtual reality (VR) simulation effectively trains dental students in minimally invasive endodontics, showing significant learning improvements without increasing tooth structure loss. This technology supports preclinical dental education.

Keywords:

Dental education Minimally invasive endodontics Virtual reality

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Area of Science:

Dental Education
Minimally Invasive Endodontics
Virtual Reality Simulation

Background:

Minimally invasive endodontic techniques demand precise tooth structure preservation and spatial awareness.
Traditional training methods face challenges in replicating these complex skills effectively.
Virtual reality (VR) simulation offers a novel approach to address these educational hurdles.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a VR simulator with eye-tracking and automated scoring for teaching minimally invasive endodontics.
To compare the effectiveness of VR training against standard phantom head training.
To assess the impact of VR simulation on tooth volume loss and procedural accuracy.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled trial involved 30 preclinical dental students split into VR and phantom head groups.
The VR system featured high-fidelity dental models, haptic feedback, eye-tracking, and automated scoring.
Students performed Traditional Access Cavity (TradAC) and Conservative Access Cavity (ConsAC) techniques, with outcomes measured by micro-CT and expert assessment.

Main Results:

Both VR and phantom head groups showed significant learning improvements across all assessed outcomes.
No significant difference was found between the VR and phantom head training methods.
The Conservative Access Cavity (ConsAC) technique resulted in significantly less tooth volume loss and shorter task completion times compared to TradAC.

Conclusions:

Automated VR simulation is a feasible, scalable, and effective tool for preclinical dental education in minimally invasive endodontics.
VR training supports student learning without compromising tooth structure preservation.
The study highlights the potential of VR to enhance spatial awareness and precision in endodontic procedures.