Demographic characteristics in unplanned versus planned suicide attempts: a comparative study from Yazd, Iran

Suicide is a significant global health concern, particularly in Iran, where the rate of suicide attempts has remained high. Understanding the demographic differences between unplanned and planned suicide attempts is essential for tailoring effective prevention strategies. This study investigates these differences among individuals referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Yazd Province, Iran.

This retrospective cross-sectional study included 307 individuals who attempted suicide between March 2022 and May 2023. Initially, data from 370 patients were recorded, but 63 were excluded due to lack of cooperation, unavailability, or undefined attempt type. Classifications into unplanned (impulsive) and planned suicide attempts were based on structured psychiatric interviews by trained psychiatry residents. Demographic and clinical variables were extracted using a structured checklist during psychiatric consultations and were analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0 with ANOVA, t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression.

Among 307 participants, 229 (74.59%) were unplanned and 78 (25.41%) were planned suicide attempters. Unplanned attempts were more common among females and individuals under 22, while planned attempts were more prevalent among males and those aged 22-31. Significant predictors of planned attempts included male gender (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.34-4.12, p = 0.003), history of prior suicide attempts (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.08-3.22, p = 0.024), and age 22-31 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in educational level, habitat, marital or employment status, income, or psychiatric and physical illness history.

Planned suicide attempts were more common among men and adults aged 22-31, whereas unplanned attempts were more frequent among women and those younger than 22. The minimal differences across other sociodemographic variables highlight the complexity of suicidal behavior. Tailored prevention strategies may better address the specific needs of different high-risk groups and help reduce suicide attempts.