Extraction of bioactive compounds from Garcinia mangostana L., using green technologies: a comprehensive analysis

Garcinia mangostana L. is a tropical fruit celebrated for its substantial health benefits, largely due to its rich content of bioactive compounds. This review provides a detailed and current examination of various extraction technologies used to isolate these beneficial compounds and evaluates their associated biological activities. The fruit is particularly rich in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and isoprenylated xanthones, all of which are known for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Traditional extraction methods, including solvent extraction and steam distillation, have been commonly employed to derive oils and their essential oils. However, these methods often involve lengthy extraction periods and significant solvent use, raising concerns about sustainability and efficiency. Conversely, modern extraction technologies such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction offer enhanced efficiency, with benefits like reduced solvent use, shorter processing times, and higher yields. This review highlights recent advancements in these extraction methodologies, compares their effectiveness, and explores the potential applications of mangosteen-derived bioactive compounds across the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. By evaluating both traditional and innovative techniques, this review aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing the extraction of mangosteen's bioactive constituents for improved health benefits and industry applications.