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Related Concept Videos

Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Van der Waals Equation01:10

Van der Waals Equation

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The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

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Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
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Design Example: Forces in Sluice Gate01:11

Design Example: Forces in Sluice Gate

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In hydraulic engineering, sluice gates are essential for managing water flow through channels, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Sluice gates, acting as vertical barriers, regulate water by adjusting the gate's opening height, which changes the velocity and pressure of water flowing beneath the gate. Understanding the forces involved is crucial to designing sluice gates that can withstand dynamic pressure differences, especially when the gate is closed or partially open.
Key variables in...
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
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Water-flow electric-gating effect on a van der Waals surface.

Hua Kang1,2,3,4, Yang Yue1,3,5, Jiayu Liang6,7

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Science Advances
|October 3, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Moving water molecules create an electric effect on pristine surfaces, unlike ion-dependent effects. This discovery enables new water-flow gated transistors (WGTs) for efficient hydroelectronic signal transduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics and Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Electric effects at fluid-solid interfaces are well-studied since the 19th century.
  • Traditional effects rely on ion migration or surface functional groups.
  • The intrinsic electric effect of water flow on pristine surfaces remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the intrinsic electric effect of water flow on pristine van der Waals surfaces.
  • To explore a novel hydroelectronic phenomenon beyond ion- or functional group-dependent effects.
  • To develop a new device for efficient transduction of water flow signals.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of water flow on graphene, WSe2, and MoS2.
  • Fabrication and characterization of water-flow gated transistors (WGTs).
  • Measurement of voltage responsivity and signal transduction capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a water-flow electric-gating effect on pristine van der Waals materials.
  • Demonstration of WGTs transducing flow signals as low as 600 nm/s.
  • Achieved voltage responsivity up to 1.53 × 10^4 V/(m·s), significantly higher than existing devices.

Conclusions:

  • The water-flow electric-gating effect is an intrinsic property of water-surface interactions.
  • WGTs offer a new paradigm for hydroelectronic devices with high sensitivity.
  • This technology enables efficient signal transduction and logical operations in microfluidic systems.