Polyamines in Bee and Floral Pollen: Botanical Origin and Potential as Functional Food Ingredients

Pollen, both bee and floral, is recognized as a functional food due to its richness in bioactive compounds, including polyamines (PAs), which are associated with antioxidant and antiaging effects. This study analyzed the total PA content and distribution of individual PAs (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in bee and floral pollen collected from various plant species in Vojvodina, Serbia. Results revealed considerable species-specific variability, with floral pollen generally exhibiting higher levels than bee pollen. Notably, floral pollen from Ailanthus altissima, Salix alba, and Zea mays was particularly rich in PAs (564.3, 539.8, and 392.4 mg/kg dry weight, respectively). These findings highlight the potential of ruderal plant species as alternative sources of PAs for functional foods. However, due to the allergenic properties of certain species, caution is warranted-especially for sensitive individuals. Further clinical research and regulations are needed to ensure the safe and effective dietary use of pollen-derived PAs.