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  3. Report Approval For Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (rates): Expert Recommendation Based On A Delphi Consensus Study.
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  3. Report Approval For Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (rates): Expert Recommendation Based On A Delphi Consensus Study.

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Report Approval for Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (RATES): expert recommendation based on a Delphi consensus

Vahid Nejati1,2, Zahra Vaziri3,4, Andrea Antal5

  • 1Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. vahid.nejati@utdallas.edu.

Nature Protocols
|October 3, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new checklist, RATES, enhances the quality and reproducibility of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) research. It standardizes reporting practices for better study assessment and understanding in the field.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a growing research and therapeutic tool.
  • Lack of standardized reporting hinders tES study reproducibility and quality assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a consensus-based checklist for conducting and reporting tES studies.
  • To enhance research quality, transparency, and reproducibility in the tES field.

Main Methods:

  • A three-round Delphi approach involving 38 experts.
  • Utilized metrics like interquartile deviation, positive response percentage, and mean importance ratings to establish consensus.
  • Evaluated 70 initial items, retaining 66 based on consensus and importance.

Main Results:

  • Developed the Report Approval for Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (RATES) checklist.
  • The comprehensive checklist includes 66 items across five categories: participants, device, electrodes, current, and procedure.
  • A shorter, essential version with 26 items was also distilled.

    • Conclusions:

    • The RATES checklist provides a structured framework for researchers and reviewers.
    • Aims to improve completeness, comprehensiveness, and transparency in tES study reporting.
    • Facilitates harmonization, understanding, and comparability of tES research for better interpretability and reproducibility.