Fuel-driven filamentous phage nanomotors

Virus-based nanocarriers have shown great potential for noninvasive delivery of drugs, diagnostics, and imaging agents to hard-to-reach anatomical locations. Yet, they largely depend on diffusion for transport, often lacking the force to actively penetrate biological barriers, and navigation to guide therapeutic agents. In these studies, the M13 bacteriophage, a linearly shaped virus, was converted from passive nanocarrier to actively propelled, fuel-driven nanomotor. Using the distinctive low symmetry of its capsid, a single Pt nanoparticle was added to one end of the M13 virus to form a tadpole-like structure. The Pt/M13 head/tail nanomotors exhibited notably enhanced diffusion in the presence of hydrogen peroxide fuel, and significantly improved uptake by SVOK3 ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Given the successes of the M13 bacteriophage as a nanocarrier, the demonstration of this simple, but comparatively mobile M13-based nanomotor platform represents an important step in advancing the potential therapeutic efficacy of viral nanocarriers.