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Updated: Jan 16, 2026
06:09
Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
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Changes in Normalized Shoulder Strength and Self-Perceived Function in Healthy Division One Baseball Players Over the
Sean Kennedy1, Samuel Roth2, John Conway3
1Memorial Hermann's Rockets Sports Medicine Institute.
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
|October 6, 2025
Summary
Collegiate baseball players experienced significant changes in shoulder strength throughout the season, impacting both limbs. However, self-reported shoulder and elbow function remained consistent, highlighting the importance of monitoring strength in athletes.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Biomechanics
- Orthopaedic Surgery
Background:
- Shoulder strength deficits are linked to shoulder and elbow injuries in athletes.
- Limited data exists on normative shoulder strength changes in collegiate baseball players during a competitive season.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess changes in shoulder strength over a competitive season in collegiate baseball players.
- To evaluate changes in self-perceived shoulder and elbow function during the same period.
Main Methods:
- A prospective cohort study involving 49 uninjured NCAA baseball athletes.
- Bilateral isometric shoulder strength (external rotation, internal rotation, scaption) and Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) scores were measured at four time points.
- A 2x4 repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Main Results:
- Significant changes in isometric shoulder strength were observed over the competitive season (p < 0.001).
- Specific differences were noted in dominant and non-dominant limb external rotation and scaption strength.
- No significant changes were found in dominant limb internal rotation strength or KJOC scores over time.
Conclusions:
- Collegiate baseball players exhibit shoulder strength changes exceeding minimal detectable scores throughout a season.
- The study provides reliable shoulder strength values for evaluating collegiate baseball athletes.
- While strength changes, perceived shoulder and elbow function remained stable.
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