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Updated: Jan 16, 2026
06:33
3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii
Published on: December 9, 2014
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Movement Disorders in Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review
Ravindra Kumar Garg1, Shweta Pandey2, Manoj Agarwal3
1Department of Neurology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India.
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (New York, N.Y.)
|October 6, 2025
Summary
Movement disorders from central nervous system toxoplasmosis are uncommon but important. This review details their varied presentations, lesion patterns, and outcomes, emphasizing hyperkinetic syndromes and the need for timely diagnosis.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Infectious Diseases
- Neuroscience
Background:
- Central nervous system toxoplasmosis can manifest as movement disorders, though their characteristics are not well-defined.
- Understanding these manifestations is crucial for diagnosis and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and characterize movement disorders associated with central nervous system toxoplasmosis.
- To analyze phenotypes, neuroimaging findings, treatments, and outcomes.
Main Methods:
- A PRISMA-based systematic review of published patient-level reports.
- Inclusion of cases with confirmed central nervous system toxoplasmosis and movement disorders.
- Data extraction on demographics, immune status, clinical features, lesion location, movement disorder type, treatment, and outcomes.
Main Results:
- Sixty patients were included: 42 hyperkinetic, 9 hypokinetic, 9 ataxia/cerebellar.
- HIV-related immunosuppression was common; reactivation of latent toxoplasmosis was frequent.
- Hemichorea/hemiballismus dominated hyperkinetic cases; basal ganglia lesions were typical. Parkinsonism characterized hypokinetic cases with basal ganglia involvement. Ataxia cases showed cerebellar lesions.
Conclusions:
- Central nervous system toxoplasmosis-associated movement disorders exhibit distinct phenotype-lesion correlations, with hyperkinetic syndromes being most prevalent.
- Outcomes differ based on the type of movement disorder.
- Early identification and targeted treatment are essential for improving patient prognosis.
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