Clinical Simulation of Aging in Nurses and Its Impact on Their Empathy: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

To assess the impact of an aging simulation suit on empathy levels among primary care nurses during interactions with older patients. A cluster-randomized controlled trial (September-December 2023) was conducted in 14 primary care centers (Asturias, Spain). A sample of 135 nurses was randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Empathy (Jefferson Scale) was measured pre- and post-intervention. Changes were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Empathy increased in the intervention group (β = 4.04; p = 0.043). The Cohen's d of 0.44 indicates this effect is clinically relevant. Multiple linear regression model revealed the intervention group itself had a significant effect (B = 3.79; p = 0.035). Furthermore, professional experience modulated changes: increases were seen in the 5-10 years (B = 5.41; p = 0.024) and over 40 years groups (B = 9.93; p = 0.048), with a decrease in the 31-40 years group (B = -6.50; p = 0.009). Unregulated post-graduate training also showed a significant increase (B = 3.36; p = 0.034). Aging simulation significantly enhanced empathy levels in nursing professionals, supporting its use as an effective training tool to improve person-centered care for older adults.