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Flexibly Reinforced Polycaprolactone Bioelectrodes for Piezoresistive Sensing via Direct Ink Writing.

Yongpeng Wu¹, Jiabin Liu¹, Ronghan He²

¹College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials

|October 7, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a new flexible and biodegradable piezoresistive bioelectrode using conductive nanocarbon black-blended poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). This advanced material offers exceptional stability and sensitivity for precise biomechanical sensing in health monitoring applications.

Keywords:

direct ink writing flexible electrode healthcare piezoresistive sensor

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Flexible Electronics
Medical Device Technology

Background:

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a versatile biodegradable polyester with desirable properties like low melting point and high flexibility.
PCL's characteristics make it suitable for various medical device applications, but enhancing its functionality for advanced sensing is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a reinforced, conductive ink using nanocarbon black-blended PCL for fabricating flexible and degradable piezoresistive bioelectrodes.
To optimize the bioelectrode for precise biomechanical sensing with enhanced mechanoelectrical stability and durability.
To evaluate the performance of the fabricated piezoresistive sensors for human health monitoring and surgical guidance.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a conductive ink by blending nanocarbon black with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
Characterization of the bioelectrode's mechanoelectrical stability under various mechanical stresses including tension, drawing, bending, extrusion, and torsion.
Assembly of the bioelectrode into flexible piezoresistive sensors and evaluation of their sensitivity, repeatability, and durability.

Main Results:

The nanocarbon black-blended PCL bioelectrode demonstrated exceptional mechanoelectrical stability under high tension (>350%), repeated drawing (>40%, 100 cycles), long-term bending (>7000 cycles), extrusion (>10,000 cycles), and torsion (>90°).
The assembled flexible piezoresistive sensors achieved high sensitivity (2.66 kPa⁻¹ in the 0-3 kPa range) with excellent repeatability and durability (10,000 cycles at 5 N).

Conclusions:

The developed conductive PCL-based bioelectrode offers a promising platform for creating highly stable and sensitive flexible piezoresistive sensors.
These sensors exhibit significant potential for non-invasive human health monitoring, including activity tracking and precise surgical guidance applications.