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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Related Experiment Video

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In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
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Ultrastable Calcium Metal Anodes Enabled by a Strongly Coordinated Electrolyte Derived Bilayer Solid Electrolyte

Huijun Lin1, Zhen Zhan2, Hongxi Zeng3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Ultra-precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new electrolyte for calcium metal batteries, enhancing stability and performance. This breakthrough addresses challenges in reversible calcium plating, paving the way for advanced energy storage solutions.

Keywords:
Ca metal anodeselectrolyte solutionsmultivalent ion batteriessolid‐state interphase

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Calcium (Ca) metal batteries offer a sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to calcium's abundance.
  • Key challenges include achieving reversible Ca metal plating/stripping and managing the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.
  • Existing electrolytes often lead to dendrite formation and hinder battery performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel electrolyte system for stable and high-performance calcium metal batteries.
  • To overcome the limitations of current electrolytes in facilitating reversible calcium deposition and stripping.
  • To engineer a protective SEI layer for enhanced ion transport and battery longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a strongly coordinated electrolyte by incorporating LiB(hfip)4 into Ca[B(hfip)4]2/glyme solutions.
  • Characterization of the SEI layer using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Testing of Ca//Ca symmetrical cells and Ca//polyaniline full cells under various conditions.

Main Results:

  • A unique bilayer SEI structure was formed, comprising an inner layer of ionically conductive inorganic nanocrystals (CaH2, CaB2O4) and an outer organic-rich layer.
  • The engineered SEI layer facilitated efficient Ca-ion transfer while suppressing electrolyte decomposition.
  • Ultrastable cycling of Ca//Ca symmetrical cells (>1450 h at 2 mA cm-2) and high-energy Ca//polyaniline full cells (>200 Wh kg-1 over 200 cycles) were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The novel electrolyte system enables ultrastable cycling of calcium metal anodes.
  • The bilayer SEI structure is crucial for efficient ion transport and preventing dendrite formation.
  • This advancement sets new benchmarks for room-temperature calcium metal batteries, highlighting their potential for next-generation energy storage.