Microplastics: Disseminators of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenic bacteria

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Microbiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants with known physical and chemical risks.
• Emerging evidence links MPs to the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis by facilitating the spread of microbes and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
• Current understanding of MPs' role in microbial population dynamics and resistance development remains limited due to dispersed research.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize current research on the contribution of microplastics to the spread of antibiotic resistance.
• To elucidate the mechanisms by which MPs promote antibiotic resistance, including supporting horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and biofilm formation.
• To highlight MPs as active vectors for opportunistic pathogens and ARGs.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing studies on microplastics and antimicrobial resistance.
• Analysis of mechanisms including conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
• Examination of MP's role in microbial colonization and biofilm development.

Main Results:

• Microplastics provide surfaces for microbial colonization and biofilm formation, enhancing survival and transfer of microbes and ARGs.
• MPs act as vectors for opportunistic pathogens (e.g., ESKAPE group) and ARGs, promoting their dissemination in ecosystems.
• Evidence indicates MPs are active contributors to AMR, not just passive pollutants.

Conclusions:

• Microplastics significantly contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance by acting as vectors for pathogens and ARGs.
• Addressing the dual threat of plastic pollution and AMR necessitates standardized procedures, robust risk assessments, and real-world exposure studies.
• A One Health approach is crucial for mitigating the interconnected risks of microplastic pollution and antimicrobial resistance.